What challenges do the penguins have to overcome?
 they need to survive the cold and from predator's and from starvation.
How does their habitat challenge their livelihood each day they are challenged by how cold it is and they might freeze to death

What types of adaptations do penguins need in order to survive brutal winters as well as predators?
They live in an freezing  temperature  and predators in the sky for the bady penguin and seals in the water for the adult penguin

Why is there a period of time in which there is practically no sunlight? What affect can no sunlight have on this region of Antarctica?  it afects them cause the baby penguin 

How could climate change negatively impact the mating ritual of the Emperor Penguin?